Relative Clauses

A relative clause is a kind of subordinate clause that contains an element whose interpretation is provided by an antecedent on which the subordinate clause is grammatically dependent; that is, there is an anaphoric relation between the relativized element in the relative clause, and the antecedent on which it depends.

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:

First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative clause.

We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for things. We can use 'that' for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

• I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
• She has a son who / that is a doctor.
• We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
• I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

• The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
• The man who / that phoned is my brother.
• The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.
• The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:

(Clause after the object)

1. She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
2. We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
3. John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
4. The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.

(Clause after the subject)

1. The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
2. The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
3. The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
4. The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:

For example:

listen to

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.

→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

work with

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.

→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

go to

The country is very hot. He went to the country.

→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

come from

I visited the city. John comes from the city.

→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

apply for

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.

→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose

'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.

The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.

I live in a city. I study in the city.
→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.
→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.
→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

sumber :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses.html

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 Bulan ke-4

Exercise 37 : Relative Clauses

1. Whose
2. Whose
3. Which you spoke yesterday
4. Who the highest in the school
5. What 
6. Who
7. Whose
8. Whose
9. What
10. What
11. Whose 
12. What
13. Whose 
14. What
15. Whose

Exercise 38 : Relative Clause Reduction

1. George is the man chosen to represent the convention
2. All of the money accepted has already been released
3. The papers on the table belong to patricia 
4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime
5. The girl drinking coffee is Mery Allen
6. John's wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject
7.  The man talking to the policeman is my uncle
8. The book on the top shelf in the one that i need
9. The number of students counted is quite high
10. Leo Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day

Exercise 39 : Subjunctive

1. The teacher demanded that the student leave the room
2. It was urgent that he call her immediately
3. It was very important that we delay discussion
4. She intends to move that the committee suspends discussion on this issue
5. The king decreed that the laws take effect the following month
6. I propose that you should stop this rally
7. I advise you to take the prerequisites before registering for this course
8. His father prefers that he attends a different university
9. The faculty stipulated that the rule be abolish
10. She urged that we find another alternative

Reading The Primacy Of The Surah Al-Ikhlas

The second series of three posts Brief Tafseer Surat Al-Ikhlas Compiled by Muhammad Abduh Tuasikal shalaatu Alhamdulillah wa wa salaamu 'ala Rosulillah wa' ala alihi shohbihi wa wa sallam. alquranSetelah we know the interpretation of Surat al-Ikhlas this, it is very nice if we know the virtues of this letter and anytime we are encouraged to read this letter. Please listen to the following discussion. [Virtue First] Surah Al Ikhlas Equivalent to Tsulutsul Qur'an (Koran-third) It is based on the hadith:

عن أبى سعيد أن رجلا سمع رجلا يقرأ (قل هو الله أحد) يرددها, فلما أصبح جاء إلى رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - فذكر ذلك له, وكأن الرجل يتقالها فقال رسول الله - صلى الله عليه وسلم - «والذى نفسى بيده إنها لتعدل ثلث القرآن »

From Abu Sa'id (Al-Khudri) that a man heard someone read over and over again 'Qul Munday huwallahu'. When morning, people who had come to hear the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam and told the incident in a tone as if condescending Surat al-Ikhlas. Then the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said, "For the sake of my soul is in His hand, is actually comparable to the third letter of the Qur'an". (HR. Bukhari no. 6643) [Some say that the last hearing was Abu Sa'id al Khudri, while reading the letter is his Qotadah bin Nu'man.]

So also in the hadith:

عن أبى الدرداء عن النبى -صلى الله عليه وسلم- قال «أيعجز أحدكم أن يقرأ فى ليلة ثلث القرآن». قالوا وكيف يقرأ ثلث القرآن قال «(قل هو الله أحد) يعدل ثلث القرآن». From Abu Darda 'of the Prophet sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam. He sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam said, "Is one of you not being able to read a third of the Qur'an in one night?" They said, "How we can read like the Koran?" Then the Prophet sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam said , "Qul huwallahu Munday was comparable to one-third of the Qur'an." (HR. Muslim, no. 1922)

An Nawawi said, In the history of the others said, "Allah divide the Qur'an into three parts. Then God made the letter Qul huwallahu Munday (Surat Al Ikhlas) becomes a part of the 3 part earlier. "

Then Al Qodhi say that Al Maziri said, "It is said that the meaning is the Qur'an that there are three sections that discuss

(1) stories, (2) law, and (3) the attributes of God. While Qul letter huwallahu Munday (Surat Al Ikhlas) contains a discussion of the nature of God. Therefore, this letter is called a third of the Qur'an of the existing sections.

There are also saying that the reward of reading this letter is doubled the size of a third reading of the Qur'an without multiples. (Sharh Saheeh Muslim, 3/165) Are Surah Al Ikhlas can replace a third of the Qur'an? The point is that if someone if reading Al Ikhlas three times already equal to the reading of the Qur'an 30 chapters? [There are some people who believe the above hadith like this.] The answer is: no. Because there is a kaedah: SOMETHING WORTH THE SAME TIME, HAS NOT SURE CAN REPLACE. That Surat al-Ikhlas.

This letter is equal to one third of the Qur'an, but can not replace the Qur'an. One proof is that if someone repeats this letter three times in the prayer, it is impossible to replace the surah Al-Fatihah (for reciting surat Al-Fatihah is a pillar of prayer, pen). Surat Al-Ikhlas insufficient or can not replace one-third of the Qur'an, but he is only worth the same as the third. Other evidence is such hadith:

من قال لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له له الملك وله الحمد وهو على كل شىء قدير عشر مرار كان كمن أعتق أربعة أنفس من ولد إسماعيل "Whoever say (لا إله إلا الله وحده لا شريك له له الملك وله الحمد وهو على كل شىء قدير ) as much as ten times, then he as freed slaves emat Isma'il offspring. "(HR. Muslim, no. 7020)

The question is: What if someone has a duty kafaroh, he simply read this dhikr? The answer: Not enough he's chant. Because something of equal value can not necessarily replace. (Summarized from Sharh Al-Aqeedah Al Wasithiyyah 97-98, Tafseer Juz 'Amma 293)

Hopefully we understand this. [Virtue Both] Read the letter Al Ikhlas get the love of God because of 'Aisha, he said that the Prophet sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam sent a man to a slave. This slave is usually in the prayer when praying with her friends often end to reading his letter with 'Qul huwallahu Munday.' When the friend returned, they mentioned this to the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam. He sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam then said, سلوه لأى شىء يصنع ذلك "Ask him, why did he do that?" They asked him, he replied,

لأنها صفة الرحمن, وأنا أحب أن أقرأ بها "This letter contains properties Ar Rahman. Therefore I am happy to read it. "

Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam then said, أخبروه أن الله يحبه "Tell him that God loved him." (HR. Bukhari no. 7375 and Muslim, no. 813)

Daqiq Ibn Al 'Eid explains the words of the Prophet sallallaahu' alaihi wa sallam "Tell him that God loved him". He says,

"The point is that because the love of God to people is because people love Al Ikhlas earlier in this letter. Perhaps can Kitakan of words that man, because he liked his Lord properties, it shows true i'tiqodnya (convictions against his Lord). "(Fath al Bari, 20/443)

Avail of the above hadith: Daqiq Ibn Al 'Eid explains, "That man used to read the letter in addition to Al Ikhlas then after that he closed by reciting surat Al Ikhlas (ie: after reading Al Fatiha, he read two letters, the last letter is Al Ikhlas, pen). This is what he did in every rak'ah. The first possibility is what appears (meaning zhohir) of the above hadith.

Another possibility may be the last to close the end of the recitation of Surat al-Ikhlas, Al-Ikhlas means the letter specifically read in the last rak'ah. If we look at the first possibility before, this indicates there is proper to read two letters (after reading Al Fatiha) in one rak'ah. "So saying of Ibn Daqiq. (Fath al Bari, 20/443) This is among fadhilah (primacy of Surat al-Ikhlas).

Other Primacy

In the history of Prophet Muhammad Ibn 'Abbas mentioned during the Isra' to the sky, see the Throne above 360,000 joints where the distance between the joints 300,000 years of travel. At each joint there are as many as 12,000 and the Sahara desert vast Sahara desert that each one is from east to west. In each of the Sahara desert, there are also 80,000 angels where every angel read surah Al-Ikhlas and after reading that they pray for their rewards given to people who read Al-Ikhlas, both men and women.

In addition, the Prophet Muhammad also said that Qul Huwallahu Sunday (paragraph 1) written on the wings of Gabriel, Allahus Shamad (paragraph 2) on the wing Michael, Lam Yalid Walam Yuulad (paragraph 3) on the wings of Azrael, and Walam Yaqullahu Khufuwan Sunday (paragraph 4 ) on the wing Israfil. And who reads al-Ikhlas reward reading the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms, and the Qur'an. Then associated companions, the Prophet once said that Qul Huwallahu Sunday (paragraph 1) written on the forehead of Abu Bakr, Allahus Shamad (paragraph 2) on the forehead Omar, Lam Yalid Walam Yuulad (paragraph 3) on the forehead Uthman, and Walam Yaqullahu Khufuwan Sunday (paragraph 4) on the forehead Ali.

Meanwhile, another hadith says that when people read Al-Ikhlas when sick until he died, he did not rot in the grave and will be carried by the angels with wings across Siratul Mustaqim to heaven. 

sumber :
http://informasi-islami-286.blogspot.com/2015/03/fadhilah-surah-al-ikhlas-complete-with-meaning.html
http://islamdownload.blogspot.com/2011/08/surah-al-ikhlas.html

Active and Passive Voice

Two "voices" occur in English grammar: active voice and passive voice. The difference is subtle at first, but it's easy to master once the grammarian understands the basics. Examine the subject and the main verb in the two sentences below:

(A) The boy hit the ball.

(B) The ball was hit. (Or, "The ball was hit by the boy").

In sentence A, we might ask ourselves, what does the hitting? The answer is the subject, boy. That subject is actively performing the verb; it is actively "doing" the verb hit to a direct object (the ball). This virtuous sentence is in active voice.

Active Voice?

An author may write a sentence in one of two "voices"—active or passive.               

The active voice emphasizes the performer (or agent) of the action:

Wind disperses plant seeds.

Smith et al. investigated the relationship.

We have analyzed the results.

The active voice is direct (performer–verb–receiver), vigorous, clear, and concise. The reader knows who is responsible for the action.

Passive Voice?

The passive voice, in contrast, emphasizes the receiver (or product) of the action:

Plant seeds are dispersed (by wind).

The relationship was investigated (by Smith et al).

The results have been analyzed [by us].

The passive voice is indirect (receiver–verb–performer) and can be weak, awkward, and wordy. Passive voice uses a form of the verb to be followed by a past participle (e.g., dispersed, investigated) and a by phrase. If the by phrase is omitted (the truncated passive), the reader will not directly know who or what performed the action.

A particularly awkward and ambiguous form of the passive voice occurs when an author uses itas the receiver rather than the first-person pronouns I or we:

It is concluded that the treatment is effective.

These types of passive-voice sentences are a form of hedging.

In most other cases, it is better rhetoric to use active voice. It is a better choice for several reasons:

1. Active voice sentences are often more concise than passive voice. Expressing the same idea in passive voice frequently takes 30% to 40% more words:

·         The fighter punched Ali and dodged the uppercut. (Active voice--8 words)

·         Ali was punched by the fighter, and then an uppercut was dodged by him. (Passive voice--14 words, about 40% longer)

     2. Passive voice requires more "weak" words. It uses abstract words like is /am /are /was /were /being /been/has/have/had, the definite article (the), and prepositions like by and of. These are dull and colorless compared to concrete nouns, powerful verbs, and vivid adjectives. Good writers try to avoid these empty, weak words and replace them with strong words.

However, passive voice often traps writers. To make clear who is doing what, writers using passive voice must either tag unwieldy phrases at the end of clauses, such as "by so-and-so," or they must leave out this phrase and let the sentence become unclear.

·         The airplane was flown to Bermuda (by the pilot).

·         The crackers were eaten (by the puppy).

     3. The passive voice clause can be confusing or unclear, especially in long sentences.

·         My car has been driven to Dallas.

(By whom? By the speaker? By a car-thief? By the teletubbies?)

·         Sixteen thousand calories were consumed in one sitting.

(Who is doing this monstrous act of dietary vandalism?)

   4. Passive voice often leads to awkward or stilted writing, especially in academic arguments in which the student dons a "pseudo-scholarly" tone.

·         When a reason is to be considered by readers for an argument that has been made by a writer, it is fitting that their analysis be based upon the latest statistical evidence.

·         If consensus cannot be reached, compromises should be made, and then negotiations should be undertaken by both parties with arbitration done by an outside listener.

   5. Linguistic studies show that native English speakers are better able to remember material they read in active voice than the same material in passive voice. Something about the English speaker's mind remains geared toward a "Subject-Verb-Object" pattern. Passive voice sentences somehow derail that mental process of retention. If you want your readers to remember what you write, use active voice. If they better remember the material you spent so much time writing, you have a better chance at creating an argument that will stick with them and change their way of thinking.

s   sumber :

     www.biomedicaleditor.com

     web.cn.edu

s

Tugas Softskills bulan ketiga Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Exercise 32 : Enough

1. Enough people
2. Enough french
3. Enough time
4. Fast enough
5. Soon enough
6. Early enough
7. Hard enough
8. Slowly enough
9. Enough flour
10. Enough books

Exercise 33 : Because/Because Of

1. Because
2. Because
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because of
6. Because 
7. Because of
8. Because
9. Because of
10. Because of

Exercise 34 : So/Such

1. So
2. Such
3. So
4. Such
5. So
6. So
7. Such
8. So
9. So
10. Such
11. So
12. So
13. Such
14. So
15. So

Exercise 35 : Passive Voice

1. The president is called by somebody everyday
2. The other members are being called by john
3. Mr. Waatson will be called by somebody tonight
4. Considerable damage has been caused by the fire
5. The suppliers should be bought by the teacher for this class 

Exercise 36 : Causative Verbs

1. Leave
2. Repaired
3. To type
4. Call
5. To paint
6. Write
7. Lie
8. To send
9. To cut
10. Sign
11. Leave
12. To wash
13. Fixed
14. Published
15. To find

Benefits of coffee for beauty

It looks like today's metropolitan lives are fuelled by coffee. Sure, we love that coffee perks us up to last through the day, and we've practically embraced those quaint joints that mark every street corner.

However, there are reasons beyond the obvious that show how coffee permeates through our lives. While it is scientifically proven that this 'wonder drink', when consumed in moderation, promotes good health and contains properties that help you keep illness at bay, coffee lovers now have a reason to rejoice as we decipher its numerous benefits for the skin!

Delving deeper into the benefits of coffee, it has also been noted that coffee is great for the skin. While drinking a cup gets you that internal coffee boost, rubbing your skin with a soap or cream that contains coffee also promises a whole set of benefits that make coffee a favourite skin 'drink.

Here are some reasons your skin will thank you for an external coffee boost:

• It's a rich source of antioxidants: The environment is full of free radicals (pollution particles, etc.) that wreak havoc on the skin. However, loading up skin with the antioxidants in coffee protects it and bolsters its natural defences. In fact, a study showed that coffee bean extracts can be responsible for skin cell energy preservation due to its free-radical properties."
• It protects against harsh sun rays: UVB is harmful and may even lead to more complicated and life-threatening skin diseases. Protecting your skin with caffeine may protect it against UV carcinogens. According to another study, caffeine actually inhibits the DNA damage response, thus protecting skin against the adverse effects of UVB. The inhibition of DNA damage response may offer a therapeutic option for non-melanoma skin cancer.
• It makes skin smooth and bright: Because of its qualities that signal tissue repair, coffee plays a crucial role in regulating cell re-growth, leading to retained hydration (increased collagen) and increased skin elasticity.
• It enhances circulation: When coffee promotes blood circulation, it leads to healthy and energised skin, effectively reducing the swelling of tissues and de-puffing areas of the skin.
• Protect your hair : The protective antioxidant benefits of coffee also extend to your hair—masks containing java will prevent breakage and enhance shine. Not to mention, leave your mane smelling amazing. 

sumber :

• http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/beauty/Benefits-of-coffee-for-your-skin/articleshow/35517121.cms
• http://www.byrdie.com/coffee-beauty-benefits/slide2

Adverbs

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. adverbs frequently end in -ly, however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. the words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly. for instance, are adjectives:

• that lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

if a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence), it is called an adverb clause:

• when this class is over, we're going to the movies.

when a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying the verb) :

• he want to the movies
• she works on holidays
• they lived in Canada during the war

The Kinds Of Adverbs

1. Simple Adverbs
2. Interrogative Adverbs
3. Relative Adverbs

Simple Adverbs

• Adverbs of manner

Example: 

1. john can run quickly
2. she sang beautifully

• Adverbs of place

Example :

1. i saw her there
2. she works here

• Adverbs of time

Example :

1. mira came here yesterday
2. he is working now
3. she will finish her work soon

• Adverbs of frequency

Example

1. he sometimes comes here
2. she seldom goes out

• Adverbs of degree

Example

1. the coffee is very hot
2. she sings pretty well

• Adverbs of reason

Example

1. he behaved badly and therefore he was punished

Interrogative Adverbs

• Manner : How

Example : how did he run?

• Place : Where

Example : where did you see her?

• Time : When

Example : when did you see her?

• Frequency : How Often

Example : how often do you see her?

• Degree : How

Example : how deep is the pond?

• Reason : Why

Example : why does wood float?

Relative Adverbs

Example :

1. no one knows how to solve the problem
2. tell me when you will come
3. let me know where she lives
4. do you know why he came so late

sumber :

• http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adverbs.htm
• M.J Lado (2008). Practical Grammar. Titik Terang. Jakarta